While the sample_limit patch stops individual scrapes from using too much Prometheus capacity, which could lead to creating too many time series in total and exhausting total Prometheus capacity (enforced by the first patch), which would in turn affect all other scrapes since some new time series would have to be ignored. Returns a list of label values for the label in every metric. Redoing the align environment with a specific formatting. Subscribe to receive notifications of new posts: Subscription confirmed. Before running the query, create a Pod with the following specification: Before running the query, create a PersistentVolumeClaim with the following specification: This will get stuck in Pending state as we dont have a storageClass called manual" in our cluster. Add field from calculation Binary operation. rev2023.3.3.43278. There's also count_scalar(), See these docs for details on how Prometheus calculates the returned results. So I still can't use that metric in calculations ( e.g., success / (success + fail) ) as those calculations will return no datapoints. Thank you for subscribing! Examples Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? new career direction, check out our open At the moment of writing this post we run 916 Prometheus instances with a total of around 4.9 billion time series. It saves these metrics as time-series data, which is used to create visualizations and alerts for IT teams. Then imported a dashboard from 1 Node Exporter for Prometheus Dashboard EN 20201010 | Grafana Labs".Below is my Dashboard which is showing empty results.So kindly check and suggest. What does remote read means in Prometheus? What am I doing wrong here in the PlotLegends specification? 02:00 - create a new chunk for 02:00 - 03:59 time range, 04:00 - create a new chunk for 04:00 - 05:59 time range, 22:00 - create a new chunk for 22:00 - 23:59 time range. bay, If I now tack on a != 0 to the end of it, all zero values are filtered out: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! I suggest you experiment more with the queries as you learn, and build a library of queries you can use for future projects. This helps us avoid a situation where applications are exporting thousands of times series that arent really needed. This is an example of a nested subquery. Variable of the type Query allows you to query Prometheus for a list of metrics, labels, or label values. There is a maximum of 120 samples each chunk can hold. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner, Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. Doubling the cube, field extensions and minimal polynoms. following for every instance: we could get the top 3 CPU users grouped by application (app) and process Prometheus is an open-source monitoring and alerting software that can collect metrics from different infrastructure and applications. Well occasionally send you account related emails. A simple request for the count (e.g., rio_dashorigin_memsql_request_fail_duration_millis_count) returns no datapoints). Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The only exception are memory-mapped chunks which are offloaded to disk, but will be read into memory if needed by queries. 11 Queries | Kubernetes Metric Data with PromQL, wide variety of applications, infrastructure, APIs, databases, and other sources. Being able to answer How do I X? yourself without having to wait for a subject matter expert allows everyone to be more productive and move faster, while also avoiding Prometheus experts from answering the same questions over and over again. Extra metrics exported by Prometheus itself tell us if any scrape is exceeding the limit and if that happens we alert the team responsible for it. I can get the deployments in the dev, uat, and prod environments using this query: So we can see that tenant 1 has 2 deployments in 2 different environments, whereas the other 2 have only one. to get notified when one of them is not mounted anymore. Then you must configure Prometheus scrapes in the correct way and deploy that to the right Prometheus server. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? Just add offset to the query. There is an open pull request on the Prometheus repository. Sign up and get Kubernetes tips delivered straight to your inbox. The more labels you have and the more values each label can take, the more unique combinations you can create and the higher the cardinality. That map uses labels hashes as keys and a structure called memSeries as values. With any monitoring system its important that youre able to pull out the right data. The simplest construct of a PromQL query is an instant vector selector. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. How can I group labels in a Prometheus query? At this point, both nodes should be ready. I am always registering the metric as defined (in the Go client library) by prometheus.MustRegister(). I'm displaying Prometheus query on a Grafana table. I made the changes per the recommendation (as I understood it) and defined separate success and fail metrics. The result of an expression can either be shown as a graph, viewed as tabular data in Prometheus's expression browser, or consumed by external systems via the HTTP API. If your expression returns anything with labels, it won't match the time series generated by vector(0). Here is the extract of the relevant options from Prometheus documentation: Setting all the label length related limits allows you to avoid a situation where extremely long label names or values end up taking too much memory. So the maximum number of time series we can end up creating is four (2*2). Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Finally we maintain a set of internal documentation pages that try to guide engineers through the process of scraping and working with metrics, with a lot of information thats specific to our environment. How to filter prometheus query by label value using greater-than, PromQL - Prometheus - query value as label, Why time duration needs double dot for Prometheus but not for Victoria metrics, How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner. A metric is an observable property with some defined dimensions (labels). *) in region drops below 4. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. So it seems like I'm back to square one. Is it possible to create a concave light? If the total number of stored time series is below the configured limit then we append the sample as usual. To your second question regarding whether I have some other label on it, the answer is yes I do. We know that time series will stay in memory for a while, even if they were scraped only once. These will give you an overall idea about a clusters health. This patchset consists of two main elements. We have hundreds of data centers spread across the world, each with dedicated Prometheus servers responsible for scraping all metrics. Prometheus will keep each block on disk for the configured retention period. which outputs 0 for an empty input vector, but that outputs a scalar positions. Youve learned about the main components of Prometheus, and its query language, PromQL. You signed in with another tab or window. Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? Samples are stored inside chunks using "varbit" encoding which is a lossless compression scheme optimized for time series data. We can use these to add more information to our metrics so that we can better understand whats going on. PromQL queries the time series data and returns all elements that match the metric name, along with their values for a particular point in time (when the query runs). With our custom patch we dont care how many samples are in a scrape. You're probably looking for the absent function. One of the most important layers of protection is a set of patches we maintain on top of Prometheus. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Even Prometheus' own client libraries had bugs that could expose you to problems like this. When you add dimensionality (via labels to a metric), you either have to pre-initialize all the possible label combinations, which is not always possible, or live with missing metrics (then your PromQL computations become more cumbersome). In our example we have two labels, content and temperature, and both of them can have two different values. There is no equivalent functionality in a standard build of Prometheus, if any scrape produces some samples they will be appended to time series inside TSDB, creating new time series if needed. This also has the benefit of allowing us to self-serve capacity management - theres no need for a team that signs off on your allocations, if CI checks are passing then we have the capacity you need for your applications. But the key to tackling high cardinality was better understanding how Prometheus works and what kind of usage patterns will be problematic. We know what a metric, a sample and a time series is. It enables us to enforce a hard limit on the number of time series we can scrape from each application instance. In this article, you will learn some useful PromQL queries to monitor the performance of Kubernetes-based systems. This helps Prometheus query data faster since all it needs to do is first locate the memSeries instance with labels matching our query and then find the chunks responsible for time range of the query. job and handler labels: Return a whole range of time (in this case 5 minutes up to the query time) The way labels are stored internally by Prometheus also matters, but thats something the user has no control over. If both the nodes are running fine, you shouldnt get any result for this query. (fanout by job name) and instance (fanout by instance of the job), we might Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? but viewed in the tabular ("Console") view of the expression browser. privacy statement. If all the label values are controlled by your application you will be able to count the number of all possible label combinations. You can use these queries in the expression browser, Prometheus HTTP API, or visualization tools like Grafana. "no data". I cant see how absent() may help me here @juliusv yeah, I tried count_scalar() but I can't use aggregation with it. In order to make this possible, it's necessary to tell Prometheus explicitly to not trying to match any labels by . Is there a single-word adjective for "having exceptionally strong moral principles"? node_cpu_seconds_total: This returns the total amount of CPU time. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. How is Jesus " " (Luke 1:32 NAS28) different from a prophet (, Luke 1:76 NAS28)? I don't know how you tried to apply the comparison operators, but if I use this very similar query: I get a result of zero for all jobs that have not restarted over the past day and a non-zero result for jobs that have had instances restart. to your account. This works fine when there are data points for all queries in the expression. Although you can tweak some of Prometheus' behavior and tweak it more for use with short lived time series, by passing one of the hidden flags, its generally discouraged to do so. type (proc) like this: Assuming this metric contains one time series per running instance, you could Well be executing kubectl commands on the master node only. Staging Ground Beta 1 Recap, and Reviewers needed for Beta 2, Show or hide query result depending on variable value in Grafana, Understanding the CPU Busy Prometheus query, Group Label value prefixes by Delimiter in Prometheus, Why time duration needs double dot for Prometheus but not for Victoria metrics, Using a Grafana Histogram with Prometheus Buckets. Finally we do, by default, set sample_limit to 200 - so each application can export up to 200 time series without any action. If you're looking for a Both patches give us two levels of protection. What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? Improving your monitoring setup by integrating Cloudflares analytics data into Prometheus and Grafana Pint is a tool we developed to validate our Prometheus alerting rules and ensure they are always working website Perhaps I misunderstood, but it looks like any defined metrics that hasn't yet recorded any values can be used in a larger expression. This makes a bit more sense with your explanation. How to follow the signal when reading the schematic? In this blog post well cover some of the issues one might encounter when trying to collect many millions of time series per Prometheus instance. That response will have a list of, When Prometheus collects all the samples from our HTTP response it adds the timestamp of that collection and with all this information together we have a. Is there a way to write the query so that a default value can be used if there are no data points - e.g., 0. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. This selector is just a metric name. There is a single time series for each unique combination of metrics labels. To learn more about our mission to help build a better Internet, start here. Return the per-second rate for all time series with the http_requests_total For operations between two instant vectors, the matching behavior can be modified. Our CI would check that all Prometheus servers have spare capacity for at least 15,000 time series before the pull request is allowed to be merged. If the time series already exists inside TSDB then we allow the append to continue. as text instead of as an image, more people will be able to read it and help. After a few hours of Prometheus running and scraping metrics we will likely have more than one chunk on our time series: Since all these chunks are stored in memory Prometheus will try to reduce memory usage by writing them to disk and memory-mapping. Return all time series with the metric http_requests_total: Return all time series with the metric http_requests_total and the given ward off DDoS When Prometheus sends an HTTP request to our application it will receive this response: This format and underlying data model are both covered extensively in Prometheus' own documentation. On the worker node, run the kubeadm joining command shown in the last step. Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? If you look at the HTTP response of our example metric youll see that none of the returned entries have timestamps. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? Instead we count time series as we append them to TSDB. SSH into both servers and run the following commands to install Docker. Up until now all time series are stored entirely in memory and the more time series you have, the higher Prometheus memory usage youll see. When Prometheus collects metrics it records the time it started each collection and then it will use it to write timestamp & value pairs for each time series. The more any application does for you, the more useful it is, the more resources it might need. help customers build count(container_last_seen{environment="prod",name="notification_sender.*",roles=".application-server."}) Why are trials on "Law & Order" in the New York Supreme Court? So there would be a chunk for: 00:00 - 01:59, 02:00 - 03:59, 04:00 - 05:59, , 22:00 - 23:59. https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/2129. PromQL allows querying historical data and combining / comparing it to the current data. In the screenshot below, you can see that I added two queries, A and B, but only . It will return 0 if the metric expression does not return anything. You can query Prometheus metrics directly with its own query language: PromQL. We know that the more labels on a metric, the more time series it can create. These flags are only exposed for testing and might have a negative impact on other parts of Prometheus server. It will record the time it sends HTTP requests and use that later as the timestamp for all collected time series. The real power of Prometheus comes into the picture when you utilize the alert manager to send notifications when a certain metric breaches a threshold. Of course there are many types of queries you can write, and other useful queries are freely available. binary operators to them and elements on both sides with the same label set Sign in This gives us confidence that we wont overload any Prometheus server after applying changes. The Graph tab allows you to graph a query expression over a specified range of time. To set up Prometheus to monitor app metrics: Download and install Prometheus. Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. That's the query (Counter metric): sum(increase(check_fail{app="monitor"}[20m])) by (reason). In the following steps, you will create a two-node Kubernetes cluster (one master and one worker) in AWS. The struct definition for memSeries is fairly big, but all we really need to know is that it has a copy of all the time series labels and chunks that hold all the samples (timestamp & value pairs). Combined thats a lot of different metrics. Internet-scale applications efficiently, Why do many companies reject expired SSL certificates as bugs in bug bounties? Lets say we have an application which we want to instrument, which means add some observable properties in the form of metrics that Prometheus can read from our application. attacks, keep t]. With our example metric we know how many mugs were consumed, but what if we also want to know what kind of beverage it was? Is it a bug? I'm displaying Prometheus query on a Grafana table. Samples are compressed using encoding that works best if there are continuous updates. Lets adjust the example code to do this. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. This means that looking at how many time series an application could potentially export, and how many it actually exports, gives us two completely different numbers, which makes capacity planning a lot harder. VictoriaMetrics handles rate () function in the common sense way I described earlier! Those memSeries objects are storing all the time series information. In both nodes, edit the /etc/hosts file to add the private IP of the nodes. This scenario is often described as cardinality explosion - some metric suddenly adds a huge number of distinct label values, creates a huge number of time series, causes Prometheus to run out of memory and you lose all observability as a result. It would be easier if we could do this in the original query though. Cadvisors on every server provide container names. Visit 1.1.1.1 from any device to get started with If you do that, the line will eventually be redrawn, many times over. So, specifically in response to your question: I am facing the same issue - please explain how you configured your data Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Simple succinct answer. TSDB will try to estimate when a given chunk will reach 120 samples and it will set the maximum allowed time for current Head Chunk accordingly. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. That's the query ( Counter metric): sum (increase (check_fail {app="monitor"} [20m])) by (reason) The result is a table of failure reason and its count. windows. We covered some of the most basic pitfalls in our previous blog post on Prometheus - Monitoring our monitoring. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be acquitted of everything despite serious evidence? In addition to that in most cases we dont see all possible label values at the same time, its usually a small subset of all possible combinations. The subquery for the deriv function uses the default resolution. I used a Grafana transformation which seems to work. @rich-youngkin Yes, the general problem is non-existent series. I'm not sure what you mean by exposing a metric. Theres only one chunk that we can append to, its called the Head Chunk. So perhaps the behavior I'm running into applies to any metric with a label, whereas a metric without any labels would behave as @brian-brazil indicated? The difference with standard Prometheus starts when a new sample is about to be appended, but TSDB already stores the maximum number of time series its allowed to have. There are a number of options you can set in your scrape configuration block. By default Prometheus will create a chunk per each two hours of wall clock. Prometheus Authors 2014-2023 | Documentation Distributed under CC-BY-4.0. without any dimensional information. By default we allow up to 64 labels on each time series, which is way more than most metrics would use. The Linux Foundation has registered trademarks and uses trademarks. For that reason we do tolerate some percentage of short lived time series even if they are not a perfect fit for Prometheus and cost us more memory. The actual amount of physical memory needed by Prometheus will usually be higher as a result, since it will include unused (garbage) memory that needs to be freed by Go runtime. Since this happens after writing a block, and writing a block happens in the middle of the chunk window (two hour slices aligned to the wall clock) the only memSeries this would find are the ones that are orphaned - they received samples before, but not anymore. Run the following commands in both nodes to configure the Kubernetes repository. Prometheus metrics can have extra dimensions in form of labels. will get matched and propagated to the output. For example, the following query will show the total amount of CPU time spent over the last two minutes: And the query below will show the total number of HTTP requests received in the last five minutes: There are different ways to filter, combine, and manipulate Prometheus data using operators and further processing using built-in functions.